Improvement of Spawn, Compost and Cultivation Technique for Oyster Mushroom

Abstract：A series of works related with growing techniques for oyster mushroom were implemented to improve the efficiencies involved in spawn, compost, cultivation. To enhance the quality of sawdust spawn,fermentation technique was introduced to the spawn making. In an attempt to solve the problems of growing basic factor, the improvement of preparation of the substrate was carried out. Quality and productivity of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were also assessed by a perforated polythene sheet covering technique.A method of spawn making procedures through the application of fermented sawdust for the purpose of avoiding contamination by undesirable fungi in the course of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelial growth was evaluated. Of three kinds of supplements, rice bran was the most effective to raise temperature up to 70?B℃. Mycelial activity and density were more considerably improved in the case of using fermented sawdust supplemented with rice bran than the case of non-fermented sawdust. Primordia of Pleurotus ostreatus were formed on fermented sawdust. The substrate of fermented sawdust showed potential to prevent the growth of Trichoderma sp. which caused a symptom on mushroom mycelium, whereas there was nothing to inhibit the growth of Trichoderma sp. during 30 days after inoculation in non-fermented sawdust. A composting technique was assessed to enhance efficiency in oyster mushroom substrate. Poplar sawdusts and by-product of winter mushroom added by 10% rice bran were composted outdoors at 20?B℃ to 28?B℃ for 12 days. The duration of composting shortened 3 days in fermented sawdust plot. The oyster mushroom substrate with fermented sawdusts promoted initial pins to produce a large lump of primordia. The highest yield was 742 g obtained from waste cotton substrate with fermented poplar sawdust, whereas the yield in control treatment 663 g. In addition, the substrate with by-product of winter mushroom was the most effective to composting. It was useful to apply fermented sawdust and recycled by-product to waste cotton associated with compost and sporophore production.Pleurotus spp. cultivation has been beset by several problems:contamination by undesirable microorganisms and pests, intensive labor requirements, and low crop quality owing to poor bed management. In an attempt to solve these problems, a perforated polythene sheet covering technique was assessed on crops of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju.At spawning, beds were covered with perforated transparent and black plastic sheet (0.03 mm thick; 10 cm diameter holes were spaced 10 cm apart giving 25 holes/m2). Additional spawn was inoculated to the bed surface through the holes. This technique made picking quicker with more efficient use of labor as mushrooms formed in bunches. Total yield of P. ostreatus increased by 5.7% to 10.8 kg/m2. The mean weight of a mushroom bunch from polythene sheet covered beds was 283 g (33 fruitingbodies) compared to 117 g (15 fruitingbodies) obtained using conventional growing methods. P. sajor-caju rapidly colonized the substrate and individual fruitingbodies formed into discrete bunches at the site of each hole. Total yield of mushrooms from both P. sajor-caju cultivation systems was 8 kg/m2. The mean of weight of mushroom bunches from a covered bed was 225 g (79 fruitingbodies) compared to single fruitingbodies (2.5 g) picked when using the conventional growing method. The evenness of the flush made picking quicker and reduced labor input by 52% (P. ostreatus ) and 64% (P. sajor-caju). Mycelia of ??Pleurotus spp. under vinyl remained healthy and white;whereas mycelium grown using conventional methods changed from white to yellow-brown during the cropping cycle. Very few fruitingbodies aborted after initiation using the covering technique.It is recommended that cultivation technique should be established on oyster mushroom based on improvement of spawn and compost.

Keywords：oyster mushroom; spawn; compost; cultivation technique

提高平菇產(chǎn)量的栽培新技術(shù)

Oh Se Jong　 Park Jeong Sik　 Shin Pyung Gyun　 Yoo Young Bok　

摘　要：探討了一系列有關(guān)菇床的制備、栽培料的處理和發(fā)酵等提高平菇產(chǎn)量的栽培措施.為了提高鋸木屑的利用率,在制備菇床時(shí)引進(jìn)了發(fā)酵技術(shù);為了解決生長(zhǎng)中一些基礎(chǔ)問(wèn)題,改進(jìn)了培養(yǎng)基質(zhì)的處理方法.同時(shí)也評(píng)估了聚乙烯薄膜鉆孔覆蓋技術(shù)對(duì)兩種平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus和 P. sajor-caju)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響.在平菇菇床制備的過(guò)程中,為避免其它真菌菌絲的污染,使用了發(fā)酵后的鋸木屑法.結(jié)果表明,所用的3種添加物中,稻糠是促使培養(yǎng)基質(zhì)升溫效率最高的添加物,可以升高到70?B℃.應(yīng)用發(fā)酵鋸木屑添加稻糠生產(chǎn)的菌絲的活力和密度大大高于非發(fā)酵鋸木屑培養(yǎng),并且其上可見(jiàn)平菇原基的形成.發(fā)酵鋸木屑在預(yù)防木霉的污染上顯示了一定的潛能,而非發(fā)酵鋸屑在接種后30 d內(nèi)對(duì)木霉無(wú)能為力.研究了堆料(發(fā)酵)對(duì)平菇培養(yǎng)基物效率的提高能力.在白楊樹(shù)鋸木屑和冬蘑菇的栽培廢料中加入10%的米糠后,在20～28?B℃下室外堆放12 d.在發(fā)酵鋸木屑缽中發(fā)酵的持續(xù)時(shí)間縮短3 d.平菇在發(fā)酵基質(zhì)中生長(zhǎng)可以加快子實(shí)體原基的形成.用棉籽殼和發(fā)酵的白楊鋸木屑混合可以獲得最高的產(chǎn)量(742 g),而對(duì)照只有663 g.另外,用白楊鋸木屑與冬蘑菇培養(yǎng)廢料混合可以最有效提高發(fā)酵效率.在棉籽殼中添加發(fā)酵的鋸木屑和可循環(huán)的農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品可以促進(jìn)培養(yǎng)基質(zhì)發(fā)酵和子實(shí)體形成.許多問(wèn)題困擾著平菇的栽培:微生物和害蟲(chóng)的污染,高強(qiáng)度的勞動(dòng)力,因菇床管理不善而造成的栽培質(zhì)量問(wèn)題等.為了解決這些問(wèn)題,鑿孔聚乙烯薄膜覆蓋技術(shù)被用來(lái)栽培Pleurotus ostreatus 和Pleurotus sajor-caju.菇床覆以打孔的、透明的、黑色的塑料膜(0.03 mm厚,孔直徑10 cm,孔間距10 cm以保證25 孔/ m2).菌種自孔接入菇床表面.此項(xiàng)技術(shù)因蘑菇成束形成而使采摘時(shí)效率更高,P. ostreatus的產(chǎn)量每平方米增加5.7% 到10.8 kg.聚乙烯薄膜覆蓋的菇床每束蘑菇的平均重量283 g(33子實(shí)體),而傳統(tǒng)的栽培方法為117g(15子實(shí)體).P. sajor-caju可以快速在基質(zhì)上生長(zhǎng)和定殖,并在孔口周圍成束長(zhǎng)出子實(shí)體.P. sajor-caju栽培系統(tǒng)的總產(chǎn)量為8 kg/m2,薄膜覆蓋栽培平均每束菇的重量為225 g(79個(gè)子實(shí)體,而傳統(tǒng)的方法栽培的平均子實(shí)體重量為2.5 g.由于菇床平坦,有利于快速采摘,降低勞動(dòng)力達(dá)52%(P. ostreatus)或64%(P. sajor-caju).在薄膜下面,平菇的菌絲保持健白色,健康狀態(tài),而傳統(tǒng)的栽培經(jīng)過(guò)一輪的采摘后,菌絲變黃.用薄膜覆蓋技術(shù)很少出現(xiàn)菇體不能發(fā)育成熟的現(xiàn)象.因此這種建立在提高栽培料組合和發(fā)酵基礎(chǔ)上的平菇栽培新方法值得推薦.

關(guān)鍵詞：平菇; 栽培; 菇床; 栽培料

CLC Number：S646.1+4

Foundation Item：Supported by Rural Development of Administration (RDA)

Author Resume：Oh Se Jong,male,born in 1961,researcher.Address: Div. of Applied Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, RDA 441-707 Suwon Korea.E-mail : sejongoh@rda.go.kr

Author Unit：Oh Se Jong（National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology,RDA,441-707,Suwon Korea）　

　　　　　Park Jeong Sik（National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology,RDA,441-707,Suwon Korea）　

　　　　　Shin Pyung Gyun（National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology,RDA,441-707,Suwon Korea）　

　　　　　Yoo Young Bok（National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology,RDA,441-707,Suwon Korea）　

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華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)

JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

2004 Vol.23 No.1